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Q. Where are the kidneys?
A. We have two kidneys, which are located either side of the spine, in the small of the back.
Q. Are there different types of kidney cancer?
A. The vast majority of kidney cancers are renal cell cancers. Most of the others are cancers of the renal pelvis. There are several types of renal cell cancers. Most are classed as 'clear cell or 'conventional'. A smaller number fall into other types, which are called papillary, chromaphobe, collecting duct and unclassified renal cell cancers.
Q. How common is kidney cancer?
A. There are about 190,000 newcases of kidney cancer each year around the world, which means it accounts for about one in fifty cancers. In the UK and USA it about the tenth most common type of cancer.
Q. What are the risk factors for kidney cancer?
A. Like most cancers, kidney cancer becomes more common as you get older. Two-thirds of all kidney cancers occur in people over the age of 60. Kidney cancer is also more common in men: 60% of cases and in men and only 40% in women. Obesity is a major risk factor, involved in one quarter of all cases of kidney cancer. Another major risk is smoking, which increases the risk of getting kidney cancer between two and three times. Smaller increases in risk have also been found for people with kidney diseases and people working in the iron and steel industries.
Q. Does the diet affect the risk of kidney cancer?
A. There is no clear evidence to suggest that diet affects the risk of getting kidney cancer.
Q. Does kidney cancer run in families?
A. Kidney cancer does not normally run in families, so having one or more relatives with this type of cancer would not increase your risk. However, there are some rare inherited conditions which carry a very high risk of getting kidney and other cancers.
Q. How dangerous is kidney cancer?
A. Slightly over half of all people diagnosed with kidney cancer will die from the disease. The older the patient, the greater the risk, with only one third of patients over 70 surviving for more than five years after they are diagnosed. Over the last thirty years there has been a slow increase in the number of people dying from kidney cancer.
Q. What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?
A. The most common symptom, found in about half of all cases, is blood in the urine. However, only a minority of people with this symptom actually have cancer. In most cases it is caused by a kidney infection or kidney stones. Another quite common symptom is pain in the lower back or a swelling in the kidney area. Fatigue, weight loss, anaemia and sweating, which are the symptoms for many types of cancer, have also been reported.
Q. How is kidney cancer diagnosed?
A. The main methods of diagnosis are by X-ray, CAT scan or ultrasound scan. These tests can show if there is a mass in the kidney. Usually, they would be followed by a biopsy: taking a small tissue sample from the mass, by inserting a thin needle. The tissue can be examined to determine if the mass is cancerous or not.
Q. How is kidney cancer treated?
A. The main treatment is surgery to remove the affected kidney. We have two kidneys and people can live perfectly well with the one remaining kidney. In a few cases, where the tumour is very small, it is possible to remove only part of the affected organ. If the cancer has spread outside the kidney, the surgeon may remove other tissue. In some cases, when the tumour is too large to remove, the surgeon may block off the blood flow to the tumour, which will cause it to shrink. In some cases, radiation treatment will be used in addition to, or even instead of, surgery. In some cases, treatment with hormones, interferon or interleukin can be used.
Q. How effective are the treatments?
If the cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, before it has spread outside the kidney, between 80 and 90% of patients can be cured. Once the tumour spreads outside the kidney, it is more difficult to treat. Depending on their age and other factors, between 50% and 80% of patients diagnosed at this stage can be cured. Advanced kidney caner is very difficult to cure completely and only about one in six or seven patients can be cured. For these figures, we are defining 'cured' as surviving five years after the first diagnosis.